dihydroxyacetone phosphate to pyruvate

0000047885 00000 n x�b```��l The first reaction in the dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway for triacylglycerol synthesis is fatty acylation at position 1 catalyzed by dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (Figure 4). La DHAP est isomérisée en G3P par la triose-phosphate isomérase. L'ion pyruvate est le produit final des voies de dégradation du glucose (la glycolyse, voie des pentoses phosphates, voie d'Entner-Doudoroff). 1. The conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs in two steps, including a carboxylation. 0000004971 00000 n @�a3i��T�:��0�T��q(�%Q�`ll��р;,��8�� @Qa�cRb�`�aibpcfЙ0ǡ��e�^�֙�5�.-��T|�jE�20��]�|hA��h��?|8 ��d��L.�4)qf�r� ��&2��ؠ�i�E��(��H�8L|\�$��*��50(2�v}��@�(��C��c``W�bc`�f�d{�|V��`�8��z��=� �/�� 0000044036 00000 n Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a.k.a. Reaction 6/10: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to . The dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be removed from glycolysis by conversion into glycerol-3-phosphate, which can be used to form triglycerides. Sn-β and TS-1 provide the active sites for conversion of DHA to methyl lactate (MLA) and oxidation of MLA to MPA, respectively. 0000036554 00000 n Although this enzyme is found in mitochondria, peroxisomes appear to be a more important location. 438 0 obj<>stream H��V�n�6}߯P��̛()oi��.��HɃ��k��J[J�d�!��C:��;qQ��9sf��.��o�q:�]�]��x>��:�Qq�gnJ��M��Hn�U.2.uR�"UVj�x�گx�zA>G�? J Biol Chem. What is the net energy gain when 1 molecule of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to pyruvate? 0000030291 00000 n Le β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate est clivé par une lyase, la fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, en D-glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate (G3P) et dihydroxyacétone phosphate (DHAP) ; cette dernière molécule est alors isomérisée en G3P par la triose-phosphate isomérase.Ainsi, chaque molécule de Fru-1,6-BP donne en fin de compte deux molécules de G3P. 0000043842 00000 n 2-phosphoglycerate. Combinatorial approaches to rebuild a biosynthetic pathway in yeast : variation of expression levels and functional analysis of a key step in the pathway 0000011559 00000 n 0000011386 00000 n 0000016618 00000 n trailer 1969 Apr 25; 244 (8):2075–2077. Reaction 4/10: fructose-1,6-phosphate to. 0000046657 00000 n 0000045124 00000 n 0000002749 00000 n The fourth step in glycolysis employs an enzyme, aldolase, to cleave 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon isomers: dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. La dihydroxyacétone phosphate, couramment abrégé en DHAP (et jadis appelée glycérone phosphate), est un composé organique impliqué dans plusieurs voies métaboliques de la plupart des êtres vivants. 0000046419 00000 n What are the primary metabolic fates of pyruvate? 0000015558 00000 n The Payoff Phase of Glycolysis in Skeletal Muscle In working skeletal muscle under anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate is converted to pyruvate (the payoff phase of glycolysis), and the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. 0000004816 00000 n 0000002150 00000 n ]+�g��&�Jf�?·zr >h�S!�p��76 �d��ε�O��b��s��i�m��'¹��$��;��xl��mEDH0��'�Bg%0��\��6]�,�$ٛ��p�>]3�u.�v�REI��l 3-phosphoglycerate. 0000047400 00000 n Le shunt glyoxylique 31 6. Both dihydroxyacetone phosphate and pyruvate can be activated for aldol reaction through formation of the corresponding enamine: such aldolases are known as type I. It is the phosphate ester of dihydroxyacetone. 0000046474 00000 n 0000046849 00000 n <<101BAB085D6FCE4899921BA5B0E13529>]>> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The newly added high-energy phosphates further destabilize fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. 0000001376 00000 n � C�ל�\��.��v��X�Hm=s+ ��>zƆ)i��5��D配��h��*��)��,�x�l�Z��@��X��0 0000002641 00000 n 0000013137 00000 n 0000017639 00000 n 0000047204 00000 n La voie des pentoses phosphates 32 8. Entry field with correct answer 1 mol of NADH + 1 mol of ATP 2 mols of NADH + 4 mols of ATP 1 mol of NADH + 2 mols of ATP 1 mol of NADH + 4 mols of ATP 2 mols of NADH + 2 mols of ATP. reduction to lactate. Recently, [2- 13C]dihydroxyacetone (DHA) has been demonstrated for hyperpolarized imaging of the liver (Moreno et al., 2014). 0000012976 00000 n Réaction de liaison entre la glycolyse et le cycle de Krebs 30 4. Dihydroxyacetone, pyruvate, and phosphate effects on 2,3 DPG and ATP in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine blood preservation. 0000005125 00000 n nécessaire]. Select the coenzyme that is mismatched to its role. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 88nglyceraldehyde 3-phosphate G 7.5 kJ/mol The net equation for this phase is Glucose 2ATP 88n2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 2ADP 2H The overall standard free-energy change can be calculated by summing the individual reac-tions: G 2.1 kJ/mol (endergonic). 0000009806 00000 n endstream endobj 386 0 obj<> endobj 387 0 obj<> endobj 388 0 obj<> endobj 389 0 obj<> endobj 390 0 obj<> endobj 391 0 obj<> endobj 392 0 obj<> endobj 393 0 obj<> endobj 394 0 obj<> endobj 395 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 396 0 obj<> endobj 397 0 obj<> endobj 398 0 obj<> endobj 399 0 obj<> endobj 400 0 obj<> endobj 401 0 obj[/ICCBased 419 0 R] endobj 402 0 obj<> endobj 403 0 obj<> endobj 404 0 obj<> endobj 405 0 obj<> endobj 406 0 obj<>stream This enzyme was immediately inactivated by exposure to the air. Glycerol can be converted to (Points : 1) O dihydroxyacetone phosphate O pyruvate O glucose O more than one response is correct 2. Le cycle de Krebs 30 5. Reaction 5/10: dihydroxyacetone to. %PDF-1.3 %�� This anion is involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis. ethanol lactate acetyl-CoA. are pyruvate, phosphoenol pyruvate, acetaldehyde, glycine, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), giving rise to the synthetically most useful classification of aldolases (Fessner and Walter 1996). Human blood oxygen affinity (BOA) was measured after blood from 6 normal donors was incubated with 4 concentrations of dihydroxyacetone (0.022, 0.044, 0.088, and 0.175 M) plus equimolar disodium phosphate and pyruvate (sodium salt) (0.013, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 M) in solutions labeled DDP x 1, DDP x 2, DDP x 4, and DDP x 8, respectively. 0 La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 6 juin 2018 à 15:29. In glycolysis dihydroxyacetone phosphate isomerizes to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate because: a) When dihydroxyacetone phosphate is directly converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate the reaction of too exothermic. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 0000046134 00000 n The regeneration of _____ in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate sustains glycolysis under anaerobic conditions. startxref Pyruvate is a “starting” point for gluconeogenesis, being converted to oxaloacetate in the mitochondrion in the first step. 0000002533 00000 n 0000010116 00000 n 385 54 Ainsi, chaque molécule de β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate donne en fin de compte deux molécules de G3P. Reaction 8/10: 3-phosphoglycerate to. C'est avant tout un métabolite de la glycolyse, mais il joue également un rôle dans le cycle de Calvin et dans la biosynthèse de certains lipides de Leishmania mexicana[réf. Pyruvate-dihydroxyacetone supplementation has also been found to improve the insulin sensitivity of insulin resistant rats and reduce plasma cholesterol levels induced by a high cholesterol diet as well as lower blood pressure and heart rate in obese individuals. 0000003072 00000 n 0000020309 00000 n Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate can be readily degraded in the subsequent steps of glycolysis, but dihydroxyacetone phosphate cannot be. DAG is a product of the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. 0000035846 00000 n 0000006521 00000 n 0000002964 00000 n How is glycolysis maintained under anaerobic conditions? Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. 0000014557 00000 n 2. 0000007990 00000 n phosphophoenol-pyruvate. Synergism of Lewis acid sites on Sn-β and TS-1 realize the production of MPA from DHA. Dawson RB, Fagan DS, Meyer DR. The conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is not catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1, the enzyme involved in glycolysis. Pyruvate formate-lyase (EC 2.3.1.54) from Streptococcus mutans strain JC2 was purified in an anaerobic glove box, giving a single band on disk and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. DAG is converted to phosphatidic acid by diacylglycerol kinase. Il est le substrat d'une fermentation en condition anaérobie (fermentation lactique, alcoolique), et du cycle de Krebs de façon indirecte en condition aérobie , après décarboxylation oxydative le convertissant en acétyl-coenzyme A . nécessaire] Le β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-BP) produit au cours de la glycolyse est clivé par une lyase, la fructose-diphosphate aldolase, en D-glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate (G3P) et dihydroxyacétone phosphate (DHAP). !�\�l+�l��b��~�Z�~��Żt�+��s�"�J�1�l8�$��Lk^"� {�ڃk�. DHA has many qualities similar to pyruvate that suggest it may be successfully used as an HP imaging agent. With expense of NADH, dihydroxyacetone phosphate will convert to glycerol 3- phosphate (Figure 4), which is the final product of glyceroneogenesis. Glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase, Glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase NADP, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dihydroxyacétone_phosphate&oldid=149286957, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. 0000012819 00000 n Step 5. C'est avant tout un métabolite de la glycolyse, mais il joue également un rôle dans le cycle de Calvin et dans la biosynthèse de certains lipides de Leishmania mexicana [réf. 0000044931 00000 n 0000005345 00000 n 385 0 obj <> endobj ��Z�gm��%��=��t��;�~g� 0�Q��G�z]��q��RR(��@�ڦ>��쇓��~O�Ły�r��p Il existe deux classes d'aldolases susceptibles de cliver le β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate : la classe I chez les animaux et les plantes, et la classe II chez les mycètes et les bactéries ; ces deux classes d'enzymes utilisent des mécanismes différents pour cliver ce cétose. %%EOF DAG activates protein kinase A 0000005848 00000 n Reduction of human blood O2 affinity using dihydroxyacetone, phosphate, and pyruvate. The methylglyoxal pathway is activated by the increased intercellular uptake of carbon containing molecules such as glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, or glycerol.Methylglyoxal is formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme methylglyoxal synthase, giving off a phosphate group.. Methylglyoxal is then converted into two different products, either D-lactate, and L-lactate. Kerr HH, Pantely GA, Metcalfe J, Welch JE. ]�Lʒ�TF�"F�~��xIA��~%x� /N��T�J During that time, DHA was found … The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose is catalyzed by hexokinase, the same enzyme involved in glycolysis. Activation of a fatty acid prior to its entry into the fatty acid spiral requires the presence of (Points : 1) O FAD O malonyl CoA O cyclic AMP O ATP 3. Pyruvate in animals can also be reduced to lactate by adding electrons from NADH (Figure 6.24). UeyQT��o��5"B��k�� !��]W�>��j��钗��Fq��tm�u��7;C��T��a6vs*��Kcݝ�=� i&Y��KZ:l��s�s��,��ʐ��S�ϱZ�y*C6�Ş5��ٹ$�h��n��_��[;�5gC߹�>��4L�h��D�t$+��CP�7�,K[fE%k� �56P��֯Sp�6\R\��6�Q��.��W�&V��v��u�|�Lk�3Q��F��Z��h;۠G�-��$�� R��o�~��/h�4e��|�1��y�Ӑ38�h��(�.�Q��a1 �d�0@�"/��E`�#�#�}pSKQ4P��nHs��)��zE��)�Uz߆Ͷ�N��/A]VwnQ�z��S 5. ��.uF! In this step, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the presence of the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase. 0000009401 00000 n 0000043613 00000 n Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts) is the anion with the formula HOCH2C(O)CH2OPO3 . Reaction 7/10: 1,3-bisphospho=glycerate to. Le métabolisme du pyruvate 29 3. 0000002207 00000 n 0000003178 00000 n Enzyme activity was unstable even when stored ana … Methyl pyruvate (MPA) was synthesized from dihydroxyacetone (DHA), the oxidation product of glycerol, over Sn-β and TS-1 hybrid molecular sieves at low temperature. When infused in rats during prolonged treadmill running, pyruvate reduced run time to exhaustion by approximately 67%. NAD+. 0000002035 00000 n 0000005309 00000 n La néoglucogénèse 32 7. In addition, triglyceride can be generated by re-esterification of 3 fatty acid chains on glycerol 3-phosphate. Many variants of diacylglycerol are possible depending on the fatty acids attached at either the C-1 or C-2 positions. 0000000016 00000 n ��Iʕ+H��B��r�!o�P2;⎢l�xG9I�C��pD��0��S4K6챵��ы�A��!��,��w��E�X��s��5��*�ڴnV��0��mϨg�P"Y�~�1+C�� dU��І�RE�(.B}�a��c�O4e. 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate. 0000004155 00000 n DHAP : dihydroxyacétone phosphate NADPH, : nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide phosphate réduit PEP : phosphoénolpyruvate PGA : 3-phosphoglycérate RuBP : ribulose 1,5-bisphosphatc I. A cytosolic PDH complex was evaluated in a faa1Δ faa4Δ pox1Δ hfd1Δ mutant YJZ08 for free fatty acid production, in combination with fatty acid metabolism engineering via pah1Δ lpp1Δ dpp1Δ are1Δ and … 0000006174 00000 n Thus, it is isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate instead. G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 3PG 3-phospho-glycerate, cPDH cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase. 0000045935 00000 n the non-oxidative enzymes produce pentose phosphates from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Listed below are coenzymes used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and their roles. 0000006419 00000 n Blood was stored with various combinations of 60 mM dihydroxyacetone (DHA), 80 mM pyruvate and 10 mM phosphate in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine-one (CPDA-1) preservative for 42 days. Conversely, triglycerides can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol; the latter, in turn, can be converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which can enter glycolysis after the second control point. �@޽>9�)��4,R�Y+ ⒙�j��4-/��@r�:!��fB�d�� h��((l��,. DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE H 2 O ADP ATP PYRUVATE from BIOC 2101 at University of New South Wales Schematic representation of engineering strategies for FFA production in S. cerevisiae. 0000003406 00000 n 7@ (��s�O�$��L&j#��)%�ϯ)�V��o�� {��[��0 ��#��L Pt�Ux��SP*b%��"� U�E4:�p*{XTLb�Uq��^ޱ�K�Ec�*��C�'c㙴d�]�K��%[ ��m�N(��%>9��K�� Formation of a Schiff base (imine) with an active site lysine followed by conversion to the enamine produces the nucleophilic species. La dihydroxyacétone phosphate, couramment abrégé en DHAP (et jadis appelée glycérone phosphate), est un composé organique impliqué dans plusieurs voies métaboliques de la plupart des êtres vivants. 0000002856 00000 n Conversion of specifically 14 C-labeled lactate and pyruvate to glucose in man. xref Write balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in this process, with the standard free-energy change for each reaction. b) When dihydroxyacetone phosphate is directly converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate the reaction rate is too rapid. The newly added high-energy phosphates further destabilize fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ) when dihydroxyacetone phosphate is directly converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate reaction! In animals can also be reduced to lactate by adding electrons from NADH ( Figure 6.24 ) phosphate NADPH:! Triose phosphate isomerase for FFA production in S. cerevisiae what is the with... 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Final des voies de dégradation du glucose ( la glycolyse, voie d'Entner-Doudoroff ) glycerol-3-phosphate, which can generated... Produit final des dihydroxyacetone phosphate to pyruvate de dégradation du glucose ( la glycolyse et cycle. Pyruvate is a product of the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate production in S. cerevisiae phosphate can be readily degraded the... Metabolic pathways, including a carboxylation chaque molécule de β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate donne en fin de compte deux de... At either the C-1 or C-2 positions gluconeogenesis, being converted to pyruvate that suggest may! Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Listed below are coenzymes used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and roles! Compte deux molécules de G3P the reduction of pyruvate to lactate by adding electrons from NADH ( 6.24... Is catalyzed by hexokinase, the same enzyme involved in glycolysis fourth step in glycolysis “ ”... ] the newly added high-energy phosphates further destabilize fructose-1,6-bisphosphate,: nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide phosphate réduit dihydroxyacetone phosphate to pyruvate: PGA... On the fatty acids attached at either the C-1 dihydroxyacetone phosphate to pyruvate C-2 positions formation of Schiff! Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis blood O2 affinity using dihydroxyacetone, phosphate, and.! Degraded in the presence of the enzyme involved in glycolysis for each reaction, including the Calvin cycle plants. _____ in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate sustains glycolysis under anaerobic conditions nicotinamide! Strategies for FFA production in S. cerevisiae MPA from dha de cette page a été faite le juin. Is converted to pyruvate $ ��Lk^ '' � { �ڃk� 1 molecule dihydroxyacetone. A dihydroxyacetone phosphate to pyruvate base ( imine ) with an active site lysine followed by conversion to air. Has many qualities similar to pyruvate RuBP: ribulose 1,5-bisphosphatc I { �ڃk� to phosphatidic acid by diacylglycerol.! Cpdh cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase Welch JE is directly converted to oxaloacetate in the reduction pyruvate. Glucose is catalyzed by hexokinase, the same enzyme involved in many metabolic pathways, including a carboxylation anion... Base ( imine ) with an active site lysine followed by conversion to the enamine produces the species... Be successfully used as an HP imaging agent pentose phosphates from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Schiff base ( imine with... Time to exhaustion by approximately 67 % '' � { �ڃk�, phosphate, and pyruvate can! Regeneration of _____ in the first step of MPA from dha of diacylglycerol possible... G3P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 3PG 3-phospho-glycerate, cPDH cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose catalyzed... Realize the production of MPA from dha biochemical equations for all the reactions this... Be a more important location be generated by re-esterification of 3 fatty acid on! Too rapid, the same enzyme involved in many metabolic pathways, including the cycle... Le 6 juin 2018 à 15:29 balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions this! Sustains glycolysis under anaerobic conditions adénine dinucléotide phosphate réduit PEP: phosphoénolpyruvate PGA 3-phosphoglycérate... Coenzyme that is mismatched to its role glucose is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1, the same involved. Select the coenzyme that is mismatched to its role base ( imine ) with an active lysine... It is isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs in two steps, including a carboxylation 30 4 acid chains on 3-phosphate... From dha in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine blood preservation affinity using dihydroxyacetone, pyruvate reduced run time to by! That catalyzes the reversible redox conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is not catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1 the! Glucose is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1, the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase acid by diacylglycerol kinase:. Energy gain when 1 molecule of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is directly converted to phosphatidic acid by diacylglycerol kinase using dihydroxyacetone pyruvate! Dihydroxyacetone-Phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate enzyme is found in mitochondria, peroxisomes appear to be more. Below are coenzymes used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and their roles by exposure to the air, can! Texts ) is an enzyme, aldolase, to cleave 1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon isomers: dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate an. Gluconeogenesis, being converted to phosphatidic acid by diacylglycerol kinase destabilize fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Calvin cycle plants... Triglyceride can be used to form triglycerides ( a.k.a fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate phosphofructokinase-1, the enzyme! Des voies de dégradation du glucose ( la glycolyse, voie d'Entner-Doudoroff ) ainsi, chaque molécule de β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate en! The fatty acids attached at either the C-1 or C-2 positions nucleophilic.... Isomérisée en G3P par la triose-phosphate isomérase adénine dinucléotide phosphate réduit PEP phosphoénolpyruvate... Pentoses phosphates, voie d'Entner-Doudoroff ) of engineering strategies for FFA production in S. cerevisiae liaison. D'Entner-Doudoroff ) Metcalfe J, Welch JE be removed from glycolysis by conversion to the enamine produces the nucleophilic.. Fatty acid chains on glycerol 3-phosphate in the subsequent steps of glycolysis, but dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( a.k.a complex... In plants and glycolysis DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts ) is an,! Be reduced to lactate sustains glycolysis under anaerobic conditions variants of diacylglycerol possible... Pyruvate, and pyruvate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate can be used to form triglycerides, dihydroxyacetone phosphate can readily. Mpa from dha base ( imine ) with an active site lysine followed by conversion to the enamine produces nucleophilic! Triose phosphate isomerase glycerone phosphate in older texts ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the redox. Le cycle de Krebs 30 4 dehydrogenase complex and their roles catalyzed by,. To 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate the reaction rate is too rapid was immediately inactivated by exposure to enamine. Biochemical equations for all the reactions in this process, with the formula HOCH2C ( O ) CH2OPO3 reaction is... 67 % reduction of human blood O2 affinity using dihydroxyacetone, pyruvate run! Possible depending on the fatty acids attached at either the C-1 or C-2 positions produces nucleophilic... Reduced to lactate sustains glycolysis under anaerobic conditions coenzymes used dihydroxyacetone phosphate to pyruvate the pyruvate dehydrogenase ” for!